I-Global - Premier Adipic Acid: Ibhloko Ebalulekileyo Yokwakha IiPolymers Eziphezulu NeeKhemikhali
Iimpawu zeMvelo nezeKhemikhali
Inkangeleko kunye nokuma kwayo: I-Adipic Acid idla ngokubonakala njengomgubo omhlophe, ocwebezelayo okanye iikristale ezincinci ezingenambala. Inesitayile esigudileyo kwaye ayinavumba phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo apho kufuneka iprofayili yeemvakalelo ezingathathi cala.
Ukunyibilika: Inyibilika kakuhle emanzini, malunga ne-1.44 g inyibilika kwi-100 mL yamanzi kwi-25°C. Nangona kunjalo, inyibilika kakhulu kwi-organic solvents ezifana ne-ethanol, i-acetone, kunye ne-benzene. Le ndlela yokunyibilika ivumela ukuba ithathe inxaxheba ngempumelelo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali kunye neefomyula.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo eziQinisekisiweyo: I-Adipic Acid inobunzima be-molar obuyi-146.14 g/mol. Uxinano lwayo lumalunga ne-1.36 g/cm³ kuma-25°C, nto leyo exineneyo kancinci kunamanzi. Iqondo lokunyibilika kwe-adipic acid yi-152°C, nto leyo ebonisa utshintsho lwayo ukusuka kwimeko eqinileyo ukuya kwimeko yolwelo phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu. Iqondo lokubila livela kuma-337.5°C, nangona isenokuqala ukubola ngaphambi kokuba ifikelele kobu bushushu phantsi koxinzelelo lomoya. Iqondo layo lokutsha liyi-207°C, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ifuna amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nemithombo yokutsha ukuze ibe yingozi yokutsha.
Ukusebenza kweekhemikhali: Njenge-dicarboxylic acid, i-adipic acid inamaqela amabini asebenzayo e-carboxyl (-COOH), ayinika amandla aphezulu okwenza iikhemikhali. Ithatha inxaxheba ngokulula kwiimpendulo ze-esterification kunye nee-alcohols, yenze ii-esters ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yeplastiki, ii-lubricants, kunye neziqholo. Ukongeza, inokusabela nge-diamines ngokusebenzisa i-condensation polymerization ukwenza ii-polyamides, ngakumbi i-nylon 6,6. Le mpendulo ye-polymerization sisiseko seshishini le-synthetic fiber kunye ne-engineering plastics. I-Adipic acid inokuthi ifumane ii-reactions zokunciphisa ukwenza ii-alcohols ezifanelekileyo kwaye inokusabela ngeziseko ukwenza iityuwa, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-adipates.
Iindawo zoSetyenziso
Imveliso yePolyamide (Nylon): Eyona ndlela iphambili neyona ibalulekileyo yokusebenzisa i-adipic acid kukwenziwa kwee-polyamides, ingakumbi i-nylon 6,6. Kule nkqubo, i-adipic acid isabela ne-hexamethylenediamine kwi-condensation polymerization reaction. I-nylon 6,6 ephumayo yiplastiki yobunjineli esebenza kakhulu eyaziwa ngamandla ayo, ukuqina, ukumelana nokukrala, kunye neempawu zayo ezintle zoomatshini. I-nylon 6,6 isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini leemoto kwizinto ezifana neenxalenye zeenjini, iigiya, kunye neebheringi. Ikwayinto ebalulekileyo kwishishini lempahla, apho isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amalaphu asemgangathweni ophezulu eempahla, iikhaphethi, kunye nempahla yokuhombisa ngenxa yamandla ayo, ukuqina, kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukubamba iidayi kakuhle.
Izinto zokucoca iiplastiki kunye nezinto zokuthambisa: I-Adipic acid isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iiplastiki ezisekelwe kwi-adipate. Ezi plasticizer zongezwa kwiipolymers, ngakumbi i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ukuphucula ukuguquguquka kwazo, ukuqhubekeka kwazo, kunye nokuqina kwazo. Iiplastiki ze-Adipate zikhethwa kwiindawo apho kufuneka ukuguquguquka okuphantsi kobushushu, njengakwimveliso yokufakelwa kwentambo yemoto, iityhubhu zonyango, kunye neemveliso ze-PVC ezimelana nokubanda. Ukongeza, ii-esters ezivela kwi-adipic acid zisetyenziswa njengezinto zokuthambisa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino, zibonelela ngeempawu ezibalaseleyo zokulwa nokuguguleka kunye nokungqubana, kwaye zifanelekile ukusetyenziswa kwiinjini, kwiigiya, nakwezinye iinkqubo zoomatshini.
Ishishini Lokutya Neziselo (Ukusetyenziswa Ngokungathanga Ngqo): Nangona i-adipic acid ingatyiwa ngokuthe ngqo ekutyeni, isetyenziswa ekuveliseni ukutya - izinto zokunxibelelana kunye nezixhobo zokucubungula ukutya. Ii-esters zayo, xa zisetyenziswa kwiingubo kunye nezitywini zokutya - izinto zokupakisha, zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nokhuseleko lweemveliso zokutya ngokuthintela ungcoliseko kunye nokugcina ubutsha bemveliso. Ukongeza, iipolymers ezisekelwe kwi-adipic acid zingasetyenziswa ekuveliseni izixhobo ezidibana nokutya ngexesha lokucubungula, njengeebhanti zokuhambisa kunye nezitywini.
Amashishini eMithi kunye neZithambiso: Kwishishini lezemithi, i-adipic acid ingasetyenziswa njengesithako kwimixube yamayeza. Ingasebenza njengesixhobo sokuthintela ulusu ukulawula i-pH yezisombululo zamayeza kunye nokumiswa, ukuqinisekisa uzinzo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamayeza. Kwishishini lezezinto zokuhombisa, ii-adipic acid esters zisetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngeekhrimu, iiloshini, kunye neelipstick, ukuphucula ubume, ukuphucula ukusasazeka, kunye nokubonelela ngeempawu zokuthambisa, okwenza ulusu luzive luthambile kwaye lugudile.
Iindlela Zokulungiselela
Ukuxinana kweCyclohexane: Le yindlela esetyenziswa kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso yokuvelisa i-adipic acid. Le nkqubo iqala ngokuxovwa kwe-cyclohexane xa kukho i-catalyst, edla ngokuba yi-catalyst esekelwe kwi-cobalt. Kwi-oxidation yesigaba sokuqala, i-cyclohexane isabela nomoya okanye i-oxygen ukuze yenze umxube we-cyclohexanol kunye ne-cyclohexanone, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"KA oil" (ketone - alcohol oil). Le mpendulo yenziwa kubushushu obumalunga ne-150 - 160°C kunye noxinzelelo lwe-1 - 1.5 MPa. Emva koko, i-KA oil ixovwa ngakumbi kwi-reaction yesigaba sesibini kusetyenziswa i-nitric acid njenge-oxidizing agent, idla ngokuba kubushushu obungama-60 - 80°C kunye noxinzelelo lomoya. Le oxidation yesigaba sesibini iguqula i-cyclohexanol kunye ne-cyclohexanone zibe yi-adipic acid. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela inemingeni ethile yokusingqongileyo, njengoko ukusetyenziswa kwe-nitric acid kuvelisa i-nitrous oxide (N₂O), igesi enamandla yokushisa, kwaye ifuna ulawulo olucokisekileyo lwemijelo yenkunkuma.
Iindlela zeBiotechnology: Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, bekukho umdla okhulayo kwiindlela ze-biotechnology zokuvelisa i-adipic acid njengendlela ezinzileyo ngakumbi. Iintsholongwane ezincinci, ezifana nebhaktiriya eyenziwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo okanye igwele, zingasetyenziselwa ukuguqula ukutya okuhlaziyekayo, njengeeswekile okanye iioyile ezisekwe kwizityalo, zibe yi-adipic acid ngokusebenzisa uthotho lweendlela ze-metabolic. Umzekelo, ezinye iibhaktiriya zinokwakhiwa ukuze zivelise izinto eziphakathi ezinokuguqulwa zibe yi-adipic acid. Ngelixa ezi ndlela ze-biotechnology zisesekwinqanaba lophuhliso kwaye zijongene nemingeni enxulumene nemveliso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, zibonelela ngamathuba okuvelisa i-adipic acid enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kunye nozinzo kwixesha elizayo.
Ukulumkela
Iingozi zeMpilo: I-Adipic acid inokubangela ukurhawuzelelwa lusu namehlo xa idibana ngqo. Ukuvezwa lusu ixesha elide okanye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunokukhokelela kwi-dermatitis, kwaye ukuba idibana namehlo, inokubangela ukubomvu, iintlungu, kunye nomonakalo onokubakho kwi-cornea. Ukuphefumla amasuntswana othuli lwe-adipic acid kunokucaphukisa indlela yokuphefumla, kubangele ukukhohlela, ukuphefumla kancinci, kunye nokuphefumla kancinci. Ukufunxa i-adipic acid eninzi kunokukhokelela ekungonwabi kwesisu, kubandakanya isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, kunye norhudo. Abasebenzi abaphatha i-adipic acid kufuneka banxibe izixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo, ezifana neeglavu, iiglasi zokhuseleko, kunye neemaski zokuphefumla, ingakumbi kwiindawo apho kunokwenzeka khona ukwenziwa kothuli.
Iingozi zoMlilo kunye nokuqhuma: Nangona i-adipic acid ine-flash point ephezulu, iyatsha. Xa ikwimo yomgubo, inokwenza imixube eqhumayo nomoya ukuba isasazeke ngokwaneleyo. Iindawo zokugcina kufuneka zigcinwe kude nemithombo yokutsha, kwaye umoya ococekileyo ubalulekile ukuthintela ukuqokelelana kothuli. Kwimeko yomlilo oquka i-adipic acid, kufuneka kusetyenziswe izinto ezifanelekileyo zokulwa nomlilo, ezifana nomgubo wekhemikhali owomileyo okanye i-carbon dioxide.
Impembelelo kwiNdalo: I-Adipic acid ihlala ixesha elide kwindawo esingqongileyo. Xa ikhutshelwa emanzini, inokonakala ziintsholongwane ngokuhamba kwexesha, kodwa ubuninzi bayo busenokuba nefuthe kwimpilo yasemanzini. Isenokuchaphazela ne-pH yeenkqubo zamanzi ngenxa yendalo yayo ene-asidi. Ke ngoko, ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwenkunkuma kunye namanyathelo okuthintela ukukhutshwa okungalawulwayo kwe-adipic acid kwindawo esingqongileyo. Amashishini avelisa okanye asebenzisa i-adipic acid kufuneka alandele imigaqo engqongqo yokusingqongileyo ukuze anciphise impembelelo yayo emhlabeni, emanzini, nakumgangatho womoya.
Iinkcukacha
| Igama lemveliso | I-Adipic Acid | |||||||||
| Ifomula yeKhemikhali | C6H10O4 | |||||||||
| Ubunzima beMolekyuli | 146.14 g/mol | |||||||||
| Inkangeleko | Umgubo omhlophe wekristale | |||||||||
| Indawo yokunyibilika | 152 - 153°C | |||||||||
| Indawo yokubilisa | 337.5°C | |||||||||
| Uxinano | 1.360 g/cm³ | |||||||||
| INOMBOLO YE-CAS | 124 - 04 - 9 | |||||||||
| Ikhowudi ye-HS | 29171200 | |||||||||
| Hayi i-EINECS | 204 - 673 - 3 | |||||||||
| Isicelo | Isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-nylon 66, ukwenziwa kwe-polyurethane, kunye nokuveliswa kwe-plasticizer | |||||||||
Iphepha Lolawulo Lomgangatho
| Igama lemveliso | I-Adipic Acid | ||||||
| INTO | Inkcazo | Isiphumo | |||||
| Inkangeleko | Umgubo omhlophe wekristale | Umgubo omhlophe wekristale | |||||
| Umxholo% (m/m）≥ | 99.70 | 99.82 | |||||
| Iqondo lokunyibilika°C ≥ | 151.5 | 152.6 | |||||
| I-ammonia water chroma, iplatinum cobalt color number ≤ | 5 | 2 | |||||
| Ukufuma % (m/m) ≤ | 0.20 | 0.18 | |||||
| Uthuthu mg / kg ≤ | 7 | 2 | |||||
| I-Fe mg / kg ≤ | 1.0 | 0.2 | |||||
| Umxholo we-nitrate mg / kg ≤ | 10.0 | 0.7 | |||||